In a neutral atom, how do the number of protons compare to the number of electrons?

In a neutral atom, the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons. This balance is crucial because protons carry a positive charge, while electrons have a negative charge. When the number of these charged particles is equal, their charges cancel out, resulting in a net charge of zero. This state of charge neutrality is a fundamental characteristic of neutral atoms.

For example, a carbon atom has six protons in its nucleus and, in its neutral state, also has six electrons surrounding the nucleus. If there were more protons than electrons, the atom would carry a positive charge and be considered a cation. Conversely, if there were more electrons than protons, it would carry a negative charge and be classified as an anion. Thus, the equality of protons and electrons is essential for the stability and neutrality of an atom.